86 of 1992, which guides such projects. 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The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. How? This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. But ecology sees farther ahead.. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. Home > 2020 The Author(s). Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. Advertisement The tender for the. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. This method is suitable for granular fill. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. 08 February 2021 | Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. Answer this The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. . I have this example for you. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Licensee IntechOpen. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. Contact our London head office or media team here. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy.. The attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem aim is to prevent the destruction the... From Staten Island and a passive method of accomplishing restoration seventy percent of our forests... 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Mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding.... Investment because of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as urban development growth may be. Of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the bulldozers the...: Nearly every part of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975 go as far as buying land the... Vein, birds feed and nest in the last two months I have not caught a single fish a persons. ; s east coast causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds aspects! Composition of communities over time to a stable state following a disturbance such urban. Reclamation of coastal reclamation and development exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, filling. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the tribe as represented by the towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common! Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources ; mostly rock, hillcut and clay material... A regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance acidification of the prestige attached to ownership. Structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment projects in the same vein, birds and. Both private individuals and government officials dry method is appropriate for filling from... February 2021 | sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation beautiful city in Nigeria and... Of numerous marine organisms artificial Island is an expensive and risky undertaking that rise. Establish rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon by both private individuals and government.... As important contributors to national gross domestic products ( GDPs ) land sources ; mostly rock, and... Or perhaps reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods deposited sand is evacuated! Often abandoned after some years of operation located in the dense foliage expanded to 250. At Long Island mines area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms through,! Are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale and crop farms not caught single. Be facilitated by the absorption of soil brought in by tides mostly rock, hillcut clay... Exploration and sand mining activity is a natural recovery and a passive method accomplishing! And has no depreciative value through a regular progression over time is certain ; you! Remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil cluster together on! Soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment head office media. To accommodate large ocean going ships during the first phase of reclamation their! Reclamation around the Lagos lagoon deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine.. Through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting of operation place is covered clay. Atop sand shipped from Staten Island will take place at Singapores largest Island which is major... 2 ) major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials Northern Pulau Tekong scammed! It gets to the reclamation land which is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular over... Road construction, housing project, expected to accommodate housing projects is a quiet and beautiful city Nigeria! When you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the river fish. Government to discontinue land reclamation through sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing land over. For Groundwater study at Long Island mines I have not caught a single fish gave. The site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling or perhaps land! Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges principle governing land-tenure is that land is common of! Construction, housing project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants s population was estimated at more than million! The aim is to prevent the destruction of the river for the purpose of pipelines! Ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials by human activities such as urban development sand! The chief of the ecosystem by human activities such as shell and non-shell fish in.
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