Continuing as opposed to increasing the production of ethanol shouldnt cause more land conversion to agriculture. But its another thing to ask what happens if we stopped growing ethanol corn. Freeing Energy, 2021. The research, which was funded in part by the National Wildlife Federation and U.S. Department of Energy, found that ethanol is likely at least 24% more carbon-intensive than gasoline due. Thats because refiners have come to rely on ethanol to raise the octane of gasoline. American Airlines Orders 20 Supersonic JetsIs It Really Sustainable? If this theory were correct, then carbon dioxide emissions in 10% ethanol-blended gasoline would drop by 10%. Lets go back to the 1970s era of muscle cars, smoking inside airplanes, and using DDT to get rid of nuisance insects. That would give an opportunity to restore millions of acres of cornfields into perennial native grasslands and other landscapes that could potentially be utilized for bioenergy, still be economically productive, and also help reduce nitrate leaching, erosion and runoff.. Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel. An independent panel of academic scientists for the National Research Council of theNational Academy of Sciences reviewing the conflicting work of Searchinger, Wang and several others concluded in a 2011 report that corn-grain ethanol might not have lower [greenhouse gas emission] values than petroleum-based gasoline. It cited plausible scenarios in which GHG [greenhouse gas] emissions from corn-grain ethanol are much higher than those of petroleum-based fuels, and questioned the method by which EPA determined that ethanol would produce 21 percent less emissions. Overall, ethanol is considered to be better for the environment than gasoline. Environmental Working Group, 2021. Thats the conclusion Jeremy Martin, senior researcher at the Union of Concerned Scientists, came to in a new report on transportation fuels. The offset theory is that physical CO2 emissions from the burning of ethanol are not counted as increased human emissions because they are offset by the atmospheric CO2 consumption during photosynthesis by the plants grown by humans as feedstock for ethanol. The amount of CO 2 produced when a fuel is burned is a function of the carbon content of the fuel. As originally conceived, the RFS was supposed to encourage the development of cellulosic biofuels that didn't compete for the land where food is grown, but they have not proven to be economically viable, so corn grain ethanol fills 87% of the RFS mandate. Numerous studies have compared the emissions of E85 and gasoline. If we are asking about massively expanding biofuel production to replace fossil fuels, then the high counters are clearly correct: That would cause deforestation and climate disaster. By choosing I Accept, you consent to our use of cookies and other tracking technologies. You could envision replacing the existing 15 billion gallons of corn ethanol with next-generation biofuels as that production comes online. The Renewable Fuels Association is hardly an unbiased source, given that, according to the Environmental Working Group, farm subsidies ballooned under former President Donald Trump to $20 billion to compensate for losses due to Chinese tariffs on agricultural imports due to trade wars. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); on Does ethanol produce more CO2 than gasoline? 5. Topics of expertise and interest include agriculture, conservation, ecology, and climate science. One gallon of ethanol produces 4% fewer emissions than gasoline, 8,595 grams of CO 2 (gCO 2) compared to 8,887 gCO 2. The researchers I like to call the "high counters" say yes, probably. National Research Council: [A]ccording to EPAs own estimates, corn-grain ethanol produced in 2011, which is almost exclusively made in biorefineries using natural gas as a heat source, is a higher emitter of GHG than gasoline. The process to harvest and produce corn-based ethanol creates more harmful emissions than normal gasoline, according to a new report published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. | #. About 22.38 . As ethanol production ramped up, it drove up the price of feed, which drove up the price of meat, and though there may have been other causes as well Americans cut back on eating animals. Ethanol is also produced as an alternative fuel to gasoline. The concept that ethanol reduces CO2 emissions is from a carbon-dioxide offset theory that is accepted by the 2015 Paris Agreement, even though it is widely known that tailpipe CO2 emissions are unchanged. The first production car running entirely on ethanol was the Fiat 147, introduced in 1978 in Brazil by Fiat. Grist is a nonprofit news site that uses humor to shine a light on big green issues. farmers in the Midwest to plow up a lot of environmentally sensitive land, Northeast and South was moving out of agricultural production entirely, forest cut down for agriculture in places like Indonesia. Fact: Ethanol actually keeps your fuel system cleaner than regular unleaded gasoline. Learn more: Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Transportation Fuels. "Making Ethanol From Corn is the Least Efficient Use of Farmland." The industry standard for gasoline is 87. Our findings thereby underscore the importance of including such LUCs and environmental effects when projecting and evaluating the performance of renewable fuels and associated policies.". He recently published Sunlight on Climate Change: A Heretics Guide to Global Climate Hysteria to explain in understandable terms the science of how both natural and human-caused global warming work. So it looks like corn ethanol is much more legitimate than I initially thought, and the measurement of its carbon intensity more complicated. Compared with water, ethanol is a poor acid. More recently, scientists discovered a more efficient way to convert CO2 to ethanol. Instead, that broad question (is corn ethanol always better than petroleum?) At this point, Martin said, there is no reason to end the Renewable Fuel Standard: Theres demand for corn ethanol even without the government mandate, so the ethanol haters wouldnt get their wish even if you repealed the rule. The Smarter Fuel Future group does include the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers among its many members. Gore, November 2010: One of the reasons I made that mistake is that I paid particular attention to the farmers in my home state of Tennessee, and I had a certain fondness for the farmers in the state of Iowa because I was about to run for president. It is true, as the figure below shows, that ethanol is often cheaper than gasoline: roughly 1/3 of the months since January . Sometimes, certain raw data can suggest otherwise, but that information cannot be used to determine how well a vaccine works. Either the corn would have been grown anyway for human or cattle consumption, or some other plant (crop or forest) would have grown. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. I dont think anyone really knows if that is true or an aspiration, but at some point, the market for CO2 will become (or already is) saturated and the corn-to-ethanol production facilities may vent their CO2. Ethanol attracts and absorbs water, including water from the air. E85 (or flex fuel)a high-level, gasoline-ethanol blendis less volatile than gasoline and low-level ethanol blends and results in lower evaporative emissions. The five-year study, partially funded by the National Wildlife Federation and U.S. Department of Energy, found that ethanol is at least 24% more carbon-intensive than gasoline, Reuters reports . Get their email newsletter here, and follow them on Facebook and Twitter. See methodology documentation for further details on calculations. Emissions of primary concern include hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), air toxics, and CO2. Either the article is wrong, or the lobbyists are mistaken. That may look like an academic cage match, but its all in the interest of science: The criticism allows researchers to make their models better. Several environmental groups oppose it as well. Brazil was the world's first nation to run a large-scale program . Perhaps some, but it seems more likely that theyd grow livestock feed. One of the major sources of the emissions due to ethanol production comes from land-use changes (LUC), which lead to increased environmental impacts. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. A 2020 analysis by Argonne National Laboratory found that using corn-based ethanol in place of gasoline reduces life cycle GHG emissions on average by 40%. It basically reaffirms what many suspected, that corn ethanol is not a climate-friendly fuel and we need to accelerate the shift toward better renewable fuels, as well as make improvements in efficiency and electrification, said scientist Tyler Lark, the lead author, in a press release. And thus on a per gram basis, combustion of hexanes produces approx of carbon dioxide per gram of hexanes combusted. Are vaccinated and boosted people more susceptible to infection or disease with the omicron variant than unvaccinated people? It is not a stretch to make a rough estimate that 4% of U.S. freshwater usage is for corn-derived ethanol. Heat is produced when C and H combine with oxygen (O) during combustion. | #. Please consider making a contribution to Vox today. "In 2002, Shapouri et al. Each week, we explore unique solutions to some of the world's biggest problems. Sep 20, 2021 at 1:57 pm 8 questions the 2022 midterms will answer, 9 ballot measures to watch on Election Day, Democrats limp behind Republicans on the messaging game, An atmosphere of violence: Stochastic terror in American politics. No. "Its quite a reasonable representation of the way things stand today," he said. Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Would farmers in Iowa convert their fields to tallgrass prairie? The premise that ethanol offsets CO2 emissions is false. "As more advanced cellulosic ethanol becomes available theres a market for it," he said. The ethanol lobbys ad shows President Obama with a devil on one shoulder and a figure with a halo on the other, saying he must choose to listen to his own experts or to the oil industry, which it says is lying about biofuels. Thats a common deceptive technique known as the false dilemma. In fact, environmental groups oppose the ethanol mandate, too. Reports available from the US Energy Information Administration show that the same amount of CO2 is physically released from 10% ethanol-blended gasoline as regular gasoline for the same distance driven. is impossible to answer in a fully convincing way. Please enter your email, so we know you're human. Thats not true. ). About 22.4 pounds of CO2 are produced from burning a . The research is among the . Your email address will not be published. The ethanol lobbys Fuels America coalition cites the Wang study in its ad. A study conducted by researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory reveals that the use of corn ethanol is reducing the carbon footprint and diminishing greenhouse gases.The study, recently published in Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, analyzes corn ethanol production in the United States from 2005 to 2019, when production more than quadrupled. " Emissions from ethanol are 93 percent higher than gasoline ," said David Tilman, an ecologist at the University of Minnesota and co-author of one of the papers published Thursday in the journal Science. Cost. . But those studies conflict with government-sponsored research that concludes that the ethanol mandate will reduce greenhouse gas emissions as the law requires. By increasing yields and displacing meat production. If, on the other hand, we are just asking about maintaining the corn ethanol production we have today, thats probably a good thing, producing about 20 percent less emissions than switching back to oil. Schechinger, Anne. Help keep that work free for all. He was impressed by the California Air Resource Boards assessment of ethanol. E85 is typically cheaper per gallon than gasoline but slightly more expensive per mile. It caused world corn prices to increase by 30%, a significant economic blow for families in developing countries who spend up to half their household income on food. Because diesels are more efficient, they do in fact emit less carbon dioxide than gasoline engines. But new research says that. The 88 percent figure is what the Wang study concluded would be accomplished by ethanol made from switchgrass, which holds greater promise of greenhouse gas reduction than corn-based ethanol, but isnt yet being produced in large quantities. The assumption to date has been that this food-grade CO2 has been conserved by using it in carbonated beverages, commercial greenhouses, or other industrial applications. Someone should tell the Renewable Fuels Association the best renewable fuel comes from that big fusion reactor in the sky. The carbon dioxide that plants absorb as they grow offsets some of the carbon dioxide emitted when ethanol It is generally discussed for use as a biofuel. The fuel ethanol component of finished motor gasoline is treated as nonemissive. Performance. | #, If Brains was Fuel Liberals couldnt muster enough fuel to power Piss Ants Go Cart halfway around a Cheerio, Sep 20, 2021 at 3:09 pm Witness, for instance, the chain reaction set off when the US Department of Energys Argonne National Lab responded to one of those seminal 2008 papers: It sparked this follow-up from Princetons Tim Searchinger, to which Argonne in turn responded, prompting this rebuttal by Searchinger. Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, The research, which was funded in part by the National Wildlife Federation and U.S. Department of Energy, found that. In the midst of such uncertainty, on Oct. 15 the EPAs Office of Inspector General announced it would conduct an independent inquiry into whether the agency properly updated its own life cycle analysis in light of the 2011 National Academy of Sciences study. Methanol has a distinct odor and gives off a white flame when burned. Ive tried ethanol fuels and my cars, but I had to push the accelerator harder therefore using more fuel. The author doesnt make clear whether or not the original emissions analysis ever factored in the streams of almost pure CO2 that corn ethanol factories themselves emit, but they should have been factored in. a Includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. In the U.S., more than 9 . Scientists and policy wonks have been telling each other they are dead wrong about ethanol for more than a decade. Sep 21, 2021 at 6:03 pm Thats not all the downside to producing ethanol: The real paradox is that this all helps to meet Paris Agreement goals simply because of the bureaucratic assumption that more photosynthesis has taken place than otherwise would have. Better for the Environment Overall, ethanol is considered to be better for the environment than traditional gasoline. If its too low, the gasoline/air mixture in an engines cylinders will burn too soon, creating damaging "knocking.". The U.S. Ethanol Industry Supports Surrounding Communities and Rural Partners The U.S. ethanol industry has sufficient capacity to produce more than 17 billion gallons of ethanol and reduce GHG emissions by an estimated 42.7 million metric tons (CO 2 -eq) per year, which is approximately 2% of total U.S. transportation emissions. What the author is saying is that plants of SOME kind would be grown on that farmland even if corn for ethanol production wasnt grown there. Please enter a valid email and try again. Nov 29, 2021 at 6:31 pm Financial contributions from our readers are a critical part of supporting our resource-intensive work and help us keep our journalism free for all. We use cookies and other tracking technologies to improve your browsing experience on our site, show personalized content and targeted ads, analyze site traffic, and understand where our audiences come from. Diesel Emits 40% Less CO2 Than Gasoline According to modern science, using diesel fuel reduces the harmful CO2 emissions that contribute to global warming. Ethanol and other biofuels are often touted for their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. But how does ethanol reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Lark, Tyler J., et al. The premise that ethanol offsets CO2 emissions is false. This article claims that the same amount of corn would be produced if not used for ethanol. CO2 has a devastating impact on the environment. Kammen told me its not because anyone is blind to the truth, or corrupt; they simply have deep differences in the way they model emissions and land use change. The researchers found RFS increased corn prices by 30%, expanded corn cultivation by 8.7%, increased fertilizer use by 3 to 8%, degraded the water supply with chemical runoff, and "caused enough domestic land use change emissions such that the carbon intensity of corn ethanol produced under the RFS is no less than gasoline and likely at least 24% higher.". Consider the freshwater used to grow that 40% of the US corn crop. 119, no. Ethanol is similar in acceleration, power, and cruising ability, but ethanol miles per gallon are less than pure gasoline. A gallon of ethanol contains 67.4 percent of the energy content of gasoline so it takes 1.48 gallons of ethanol to replace the energy content of a gallon of gasoline. When I presented Dan Kammen, a respected renewable energy researcher, with my initial indictment of ethanol, he told me, "You almost cant be wrong, but you almost cant be right." New research is confirming that corn ethanol also has more greenhouse gas benefits than previously thought. For example, during my last visit, the E10 cost $3.299 per gallon while the PureMax was listed at $3 . The pro-ethanol Fuels America group includes grain farmers (who profit from higher demand for corn),Monsanto (which sells hybrid seed corn), and distillers of ethanol including Archer Daniels Midland and DuPont (which just opened a cellulosic ethanol plant in Iowa). The argument that initially sold me on the notion that corn ethanol was an automatic loser was this: If you dedicate land to grow fuel, that means youve got to grow food elsewhere, and ultimately you will end up displacing plants that are already capturing carbon. But getting gasolines octane rating up to that standard costs money. So does a wide coalition that includes restaurant owners concerned about upward pressure on food prices and boat manufacturers upset at the problems that ethanol can cause in marine engines. How does ethanol reduce pollution? Finally, you could build more complex refineries to process oil until reaches a higher octane without ethanol. We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. Please consider making a contribution to Vox today. So, yes, ethanol most likely produces more CO2 tailpipe emissions when compared to gasoline, for a given energy output, because more of the energy is in the form of C and less of it is in the form of H. The process to harvest and produce corn-based ethanol creates more harmful emissions than normal gasoline, according to a new report published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. As a renewable fuel, ethanol is doing more for the environment. Global ethanol production in 2019 was 115 billion liters, and this number is expected to increase to 119 billion in 2025. In some respects, the newer diesel engines are actually cleaner than gasoline engines, and . All of that is happening against a background trend of increasing yields as farmers come up with new techniques and better technology. If you look at the big picture, farmers have increased the amount of corn they grow, but theres been a long-term decrease in other crops, and across the US the total amount of farmland hasnt changed much. is too broad to answer definitively, but we can narrow it down. A second step in adding ethanol to gasoline was in 2007 when the US Energy Independence and Security Act mandated an increase to 10% ethanol in gasoline to reduce foreign oil dependency. Of course, this is happening in different places the ethanol boom led farmers in the Midwest to plow up a lot of environmentally sensitive land, at the same time that land in the Northeast and South was moving out of agricultural production entirely. The study finds that over a 30-year span, biofuels end up contributing twice as much carbon dioxide to the air as that amount of gasoline would, when you add in the global effects. And the average ethanol (E85) emission rates for all vehicle models are 22% lower compared to gasoline. This process is also less expensive than . In fact, some FFVs . Nov 30, 2021 at 7:22 am These evaporative emissions contribute to the formation of harmful, ground-level ozone and smog. So, the net emissions from corn ethanol production are 42 units of emissions per unit of energy produced (grams of CO2 emissions per megajoule of energy produced). I promised to figure it out and report back. In fact, the scientific jury is still out on whether requirements to blend ethanol with gasoline lead to the lower carbon emissions that Congress intended when it made those requirements law. Required fields are marked *. Another gas station just down the street calls their ethanol-free fuel "Pure Gas" and proudly advertises that it will improve your gas mileage by 25% over ethanol grades. 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