Two other girls managed to escape in September 2016 and January 2017. Boko [Western education] is haram [forbidden] so what are you doing in school?". Two years after the kidnapping of 276 Nigerian schoolgirls, a video that appears to show them alive raised wrenching questions for desperate parents. Twenty-one of the Chibok schoolgirls who were kidnapped more than two years ago have now been freed, the Nigerian government has confirmed. It is believed that Boko Haram prisoners were freed in exchange. . When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. When were the Chibok schoolgirls released, why did Boko Haram kidnap them and what was the Bring Back Our Girls campaign? There are also concerns that those girls who go back to their communities may have trouble reintegrating. Muhammed Marwanwho is likely Nuralso refuted a January 2013 cease-fire announced by Abdulaziz. Some of the Chibok schoolgirls abducted by Boko Haram nearly seven years ago have finally escaped from their captors, a father of one of the girls told CNN. [46] Muhammed Marwan (who is likely Mamman Nur), Abu Zamira and other factional leaders have stated that Shekau was deposed, lost leadership of Boko Haram, or that Shekau now controlled a reduced following within Boko Haram. [6] Security Officials and Christians Are Enemies of Islam and Muslims, We Will Target and Kill Them Says Spokesman of Jamaatu Ansarul Muslimina fi Biladi Sudan, Abu Jaafar, Desert Herald, June 5, 2012; Algerian Journalist on Real Identity of AQLIM Leader, AQLIM Future in Nigeria, Agence France-Presse, October 27, 2010. [18] Ansaru and Boko Haram had a dispute over sharing funds from AQIM and the issue of Muslim civilian deaths, but, according to the International Crisis Group, after they reconciled, Barnawi allegedly entered into a deal by which Shekau, who had the men, would provide security cover, while Barnawi, who had the skills, would kidnap Westerners. [25], In response to these attacks, President Jonathan ordered a state of emergency in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa on May 14, 2013, which coincided with the creation of the civilian Joint Task Force (JTF) to track down Boko Haram militants. Islamic radicals from the Boko Haram terror group in Nigeria have attacked and burned the villages of Kuburumbula and Boftari in the Chibok area, killing at least two Christians. A Nigerian politics blog, Beegeagles Blog, began holding discussion on whether there were imposters of Shekau as early as August 20, 2013. [42] Leader of Boko Haram Faction in Official Talks With the Nigerian Govt Claims Responsibility For Deadly Kano Bombings, Says Abubakar Shekau Still Alive, Sahara Reporters, August 4, 2013. [40] In August 2013, Shekau may nonetheless have been deposed in a coup by members of his shura, after which Shekaus appointed spokesman, Abu Zamira, announced that commanders as far afield as Niger, Chad, Sudan and Cameroon agreed to a cease-fire with the Nigerian government and a hiatus in suicide bombings. What happened to the schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram? [54] Nigerias Middle Belt, which includes Kaduna, Jos (Plateau State), and Abuja, is a region of central Nigeria populated by diverse ethnic groups. How many other people is Boko Haram holding? 2022 BBC. What did people ditch tweets for? [10], When security forces killed Boko Haram founder Yusuf and 800 followers in July 2009, more than 100 Boko Haram members fled to the border region, the Sahel, and Somalia, while Shekau, according to one member, hid in the desert between Chad and Sudan.[11] These members were aided by their pre-existing connections to al-Qa`ida and its affiliates, and Boko Harams regional network of sub-leaders. Many of those girls are still missing. See Horror in Sokoto Al-Qaeda-Funded Group Killed Hostages; Alli, Kabiru Sokoto Names Boko Harams Leaders; Power Tussle in Boko Haram Led to Sect Leaders Arrest, Leadership, March 26, 2012; Dozens of Boko Haram Help Malis Rebel Seize Gao, Vanguard, April 9, 2012; Mali Mokhtar Belmokhtar, un des chefs dAqmi, est Gao, Lepoint.fr, July 4, 2012; Exclusive: The Last Days of Shekau, Boko Haram Leader, Vanguard, August 25, 2013; Boko Haram Leaders Flee Hot Mali to Nigeria, The Nation, January 31, 2013; Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency., [19] Perhaps as part of their reconciliation, Shekau appointed al-Barnawis trainee, Assalafi, in Sokoto, and his own commanders, such as Muhammed Zangina, in Kaduna. More than 100 kidnapped Chibok girls unwilling to leave their captors, community leader says This video grab made on April 14 via CNN footage shows some of the Chibok schoolgirls abducted by Boko . The office of the governor of Borno state in northern Nigeria, where almost 300 schoolgirls were kidnapped in the town of Chibok seven years ago, announced Saturday that one of the girls is free . [26] Boko Harams foot soldiers abandoned Maiduguri and retreated from the deserts and swamplands of northeastern Borno and Lake Chad to mountainous rural areas near Gwoza in southern Borno, which is 15 miles from Chibok, where the 250 schoolgirls would later be kidnapped. It's the first time any of the girls have been seen since Boko Haram released a videoin May 2014. More from IBTimes UK Chibok girl: How I escaped Boko Haram [18], Retreat to Gwoza View our online Press Pack. Around 50 escaped by jumping off the back of trucks. Seven years ago this April 14, armed Boko Haram terrorists kidnapped 276 school girls in the remote Nigerian town of Chibok. One of those who did escape told the BBC Hausa service the militants had said: "You're only coming to school for prostitution. [30] The fliers were released between December 2013 and February 2014 in northern Cameroon. [31] It was in the context of these kidnap-for-ransom operations and a rear base in northern Cameroon that the Chibok kidnapping occurred on April 14, 2014. Afolabi Sotunde/Reuters Originally, 276 were kidnapped, sparking one of the biggest global social media campaigns, with tweeters using the hashtag #BringBackOurGirls. Al-Barnawi may be outside of Nigeria, possibly in Niger, where some Ansaru militants retreated after the French intervention in northern Mali, but his faction operates regionally, including in Nigeria and Cameroon. Five Boko Haram commanders were released in exchange for the freedom of 82 Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped by the extremist group three years ago, a Nigerian government official said Sunday,. [15] Other leaders included Adam Kambar in Kano, Kabiru Sokoto in Sokoto, and Abu Muhammed in Kaduna. The Chibok girls are all covered, chanting verses from the Quran. Glenna Gordon. There are likely several Boko Haram factions, but they come together in a confederation for major attacks, such as the kidnapping in Chibok, and also coordinate their public relations strategy. [43] Thus far, only one self-proclaimed pro-negotiation factional leader, Abu Mohammed Abdulaziz, publicly stated in March 2013 that an imposter appeared in a Boko Haram video of Shekau, while in March 2014 Nigerian media also began speculating about the changing faces of Shekau.[44] Shekaus faction, however, dismissed Abdulaziz as a fake in 2012 and again in March 2013 and reiterated that peace would only come when Shari`a is adopted in Nigeria.[45]. A third kidnapping took place in April 2014, when militants kidnapped two Italian priests and a Canadian nun in Tchr, Cameroonnear Nurs reported hometown of Marwaand brought them toward the Nigerian border (their location remains unknown). When current President Muhammadu Buhari took power last May, he said:"We cannot claim to have defeated Boko Haram without rescuing the Chibok girls and all other innocent persons held hostage by insurgents.". For two years, little was heard of the 219 girls. One Chibok girl who managed to escape Nigerian terror group Boko Haram has revealed that many of the 200 Christian schoolgirls abducted in April 2014 are still alive. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Its population is approximately 50% Christian, 40% Muslim and 10% animist. Dozens of Boko Haram militants stormed the Chibok girls' boarding school in 2014 and packed 276 pupils, aged 12-17, at the time into trucks in the jihadist group's first mass school abduction. Some managed to escape shortly after they were seized, while about 100 have been freed in exchange for Boko Haram militants, in negotiations brokered by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). See Friday Olokor, Fulani Herdsmen are Terrorists, Says ex-Zamfara Gov, Punch, March 31, 2014; Ike Abonyi, Boko Haram: SSS Bursts New Cell in Kogi, This Day, November 21, 2013; Bomb Blasts Rock Jos Market, Vanguard, May 20, 2014. When were the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped? See Kidnapped Nigerian High School Girls Spotted in Northern CAR, Kangbi Ndara, May 9, 2014; Hanna McNeish, Lawless CAR Attracting Terrorists Attention, Voice of America, November 22, 2013; Michelle Shephard, Will Central African Republic Become a Battleground for Religious Radicals? Toronto Star, March 27, 2014; Moki Edwin Kindzeka, Cameroon Blames Slka Rebels for Hostage Taking, Voice of America, May 15, 2014; Abducted Chibok Girls Seen in Central Africa, Punch, March 11, 2014; Central African Republic: Violence Leaves 30 Dead, BBC, April 9, 2014; Adam Nossiter, New Threat in Nigeria as Militants Split Off, New York Times, April 23, 2013; Krista Larson, In Central African Republic, Diamonds Are Seleka Rebels Best Friend, Associated Press, May 6, 2013. Others have escaped or been rescued, but many are still believed to be in captivity. Human rights advocates fear some of the young girls may have been used to carry out suicide bombing attacks. See Statement by Boko Harams Spokesperson Debunking Reports of Dialogue with the Nigerian Government, Sahara Reporters, August 23, 2012; Haruna Umar, Boko Haram Leader Denies Peace Talks with Nigeria, Associated Press, March 3, 2013; Chuks Okocha, We Are Not Ghosts, Boko Haram Tells Jonathan, This Day, March 14, 2013; Another Islamic Sect Emerges to Counter Boko Haram? Desert Herald, June 2, 2012. Boko Harams connections to the United Kingdom can be seen in at least three incidents: Kabiru Sokoto, the plotter of several bombings of churches in the Middle Belt with AQIM funding, was arrested in 2012 with a ticket in hand for London; al-Muntada Trust in the United Kingdom reportedly funded Islamic charities in Sudan in the 2000s, which also funded Boko Haram; and the mastermind of a motor park bombing in Abuja in April 2014 was a UK citizen of Nigerian descent, who was arrested in Sudan. Territory was seized, towns and villages overrun, hostages were taken. [24] For the first time in Nigeria, militants mounted weapons on 44 vehicles, kidnapped government officials and their relatives to exchange for ransoms of $10,000 to $300,000, and supported a more ethnically and religiously inclusive ideology like Ansarus and AQIMsbut unlike Shekausthat called on Muslim youths to fight not in the name of any sect, clan, or country, but for Islam. Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau has said all the girls have converted to Islam and had been "married off". Take our timed quiz 'We'd never seen this much water' - flood survivors, In the name of atheism: The case of Mubarak Bala. Putin allies who criticise Russia's war machine. Some members also preferred Mamman Nur as leader over Shekau because Shekaus focus was domestic, while Nurs was more transnational. You can assume that this is a fake image of mine (laughing)Can you believe telling the world I was injured in a battle in Sambisa Forest and taken to Amchide for treatment and died (laughing). Moreover, Shekaus detained family members have never claimed he was dead, nor have detained Boko Haram militants. Finally, even if a cease-fire is reached with some factions, and Boko Haram is limited to Borno or sporadic attacks in Kano, Abuja, and Jos, it will still have the potential to cause instability in Nigeria, including army mutinies and defections, violence during the upcoming February 2015 election season, or a war between Christians and Muslims if it launches a renewed series of attacks on churches in the Middle Belt or extends its operations to majority Christian areas of southern Nigeria. See Yusuf Alli, How Bombers are Chosen, by Boko Haram Suspect, The Nation, February 9, 2012; Boko Haram Militants Shows Off Weapons Captured From an Army Baracks; Twenty Islamists Killed in Northeast Nigeria: Military, Agence France-Presse, March 3, 2013; New Boko Haram Sect Emerges, Shows Off Large Cache Of Arms And Ammunitions, Information Nigeria, May 2, 2013. ", M.K. Some . Why is recapturing Kherson so important for Ukraine? The government was "crippled by corruption and mismanagement" that left it unable to "respond promptly or effectively to the incident," the group said. But the campaign soon attracted global attention and in less than three weeks the hashtag had been used over one million times. Like all schools in Borno state, Chibok, an elite academy of both Muslim and Christian girls, had been closed because of increasingly deadly attacks by Boko Haram. [51], Fourth, Boko Haram may prepare for retaliatory attacks on Western targets in southern Nigeria or abroad and take advantage of its networks in Sudan and possibly the United Kingdom if a regional or international coalition collaborates with Nigeria to launch a total war on Boko Haram or rescue the schoolgirls from Chibok. [36] Muhammed Marwanwho is likely Mamman Nurclaimed responsibility for releasing a seven-member French family kidnapped in northern Cameroon in April 2013 for $3.14 million and says he is in control of Boko Harams arms and finances.[37] These arms and finances are likely derived from kidnappings with al-Barnawis faction, weapons deals along the Chadian-Cameroonian border, and contacts between Nurs faction and AQIM, al-Shabab and sponsors in Sudan and possibly the Persian Gulf region. [35] Suspected Boko Haram Militants Attack in Cameroon, Channel 4 News, May 17, 2014. But in an interview with Saturday PUNCH, Abubakar Mallam, a resident of Chibok whose two daughters were among the 276 girls kidnapped by Boko Haram from Government Girls Secondary School, Chibok . 25 min read Patience Bulus and Esther Joshua held hands as they were marched out of their dorm room at gunpoint that April night. See personal interview, Idayat Hassan, Centre for Democracy and Development West Africa (CDD), May 2014. Those freed were part of a group of more than 200 schoolgirls kidnapped from the Chibok village, in the restive Borno state, in April 2014. A Nigerian schoolgirl details her escape from Boko Haram and explains what happened on April 14, when the extremist group attacked her school and kidnapped hundreds of students. Nonetheless, in addition to his spokesman role, Shekau likely also retains an operational role in orderingand often claiminghis followers massacres of university students, such as in Yobe in September 2013, or of villages in Borno and large-scale attacks on military bases in Maiduguri. 46 The group also said some girls had been killed or injured in government air strikes. He also was a University of Maiduguri dropout who, like Shekau, previously believed Yusuf was too soft and that Bin Ladin does the work of God. See Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency; Emmanuel Goujon & Aminu Abubakar, Nigerias Taliban Plot Comeback from Hide-outs, Agence France-Presse, January 11, 2006. It shows 15 of the schoolgirls, their heads covered and wearing long Islamicheadscarves. Fifty-seven of them managed to escape by jumping onto . To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). Her father died while she. In May 2014, Boko Haram released a video of around 130 girls gathered together reciting the Koran. See Le Mujao revendique le double attentat et promet quil y en aura dautres, Radio France Internationale, May 24, 2013; Niger: Boko Haram Prisoners Tried to Escape, Associated Press, June 2, 2013; Ola Audu, How Boko Haram Turned to Kidnapping to Raise Funds in Borno, Premium Times, May 20, 2014. [10] A Nigerian convert to Islam told the BBC in 2009 that he met Yusuf two weeks after finding the sect in Maiduguri and was asked by [Yusuf] to go to Afghanistan, where he spent three months and was trained as a bomb specialist and was supposed to train five people on his return, but when he did not receive his money he escaped. See also Chapter 2 Country Reports: Africa Overview, U.S. Department of State, April 30, 2008, which implicates Yusuf and other Nigerian Taliban leaders in illegally receiving foreign currency, including funds from an al-Qa`ida affiliate in Sudan as well as from two al-Qa`ida operatives in Pakistan, sending Nigerian Taliban members to train with AQIM in the Sahel and passing coded messages from Pakistan to Nigerian Taliban members on how to carry out terrorist activities against American interests in Nigeria. See Boko Haram Looks to Mali, Africa Confidential, November 30, 2012; Boko Haram Scare For Nigerias Police Boss, PM News Nigeria, July 23, 2011; Ikechukwu Nnochiri, Danger Alert: Al-Qaeda Boss in West Africa Lives in Kano, Odili.net, April 8, 2012; Nigerian Trained in Afghanistan, BBC, September 2, 2009. [11] An International Crisis Group report said that in 2010-2012, Boko Haram was reported to have trained in Somalias Lower Shabelle and Lower Juba regions, acquiring IED and suicide attack skills. [9] Emanuel Goujon and Aminu Abubakar, Nigerias Taliban Plot Comeback from Hide-outs, Agence France-Presse, January 11, 2006. Security experts told this author that the mounting of weapons on 44 vehicles in Borno after the French-led military intervention in Mali was likely a tactic learned from Mali. Zara John: "They gave us a choice to be married or to be a slave - I decided to marry", The kidnapped woman who defied Boko Haram, US begins voting as Republicans seek control of Congress, Indian men sentenced to death for rape and torture freed, Awarding Qatar the World Cup a mistake - Blatter. [21] While it is widely believed that Muhammed Marwan is a pseudonym, there is also speculation that Marwan may refer to a former Boko Haram spiritual adviser named Abdullahi Damasak. [52] Evidence of this includes: Shekaus threats on the refineries in the Niger Delta in his past three videos; Boko Harams possible coordination with Slka in transferring the kidnapped girls to Central African Republic; Shekaus calls in 2013 for brethren from Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria to join Boko Haram; Boko Harams attacks on bridges connecting Nigeria to Cameroon and on prisons where Boko Haram members are held in Cameroon and first reported ambush on Nigerien troops in Diffa, Niger, in May 2014; the two bombings in a motor park outside of Abuja in April and May 2014 in coordination with networks in Sudan and possibly the United Kingdom; and the kidnapping of 10 Chinese workers in Cameroon on May 17, 2014, one week after China agreed to support Nigeria to combat Boko Haram. Notably, the first video claim of a kidnapping in Cameroon of the seven-member French family was the first time suspicions emerged that a faux Shekau was used in the split-screen video with the family, possibly because Nurs faction carried out the attack and claimed it in Shekaus name with imposters and possibly to disguise that the $3.14 ransom really went to Nur and al-Barnawiand not Shekau. The name Tada Ngalyike suggests that he is Dghwede from near Gwoza. It's the first time any of the girls have been seen since Boko Haram released a video in May 2014. The militants have now lost nearly all their territory and have switched tactics to carrying out suicide bombings against the military and civilians. Why has Nigeria failed to rescue the Chibok schoolgirls from Boko Haram? See Boko Haram National Leader, Abubakar Shekau, Narrowly Escapes Arrest, Premium Times, April 6, 2012; Aminu Abubakar, Boko Haram Leader (Shekau) Escapes Arrest In Kano Wife Arrested, Nigerian Tribune, March 5, 2012; Dozens of Boko Haram Help Malis Rebel Seize Gao; Jacob Zenn, Nigerians in Gao: Was Boko Haram Really Active in Northern Mali? African Arguments, January 20, 2014; JTF Claims Boko Haram Leader, Abubakar Shekau, May Have Died Of Gunshot Wounds, Premium Times, August 19, 2013; Hamza Idris, Boko Harams Shekau Likely Dead, JTF Says, Daily Trust, August 20, 2013. The human rights group Amnesty International has called forthe Nigerian government to "do all it lawfully can to bring an end to the agony of the parents of theChibokgirls and all those abducted. Which country has the most child kidnappings? Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. [28] The first such kidnapping was in February 2013, when militants kidnapped a seven-member French family in Waza, Cameroon, who were released in Gwoza in April 2013 for $3.14 million from the Cameroonian government and in exchange for 19 prisoners in Cameroonian and Nigerian prisons. On 14 August 2016, a Boko Haram tape showed about 50 of the girls and contained a demand for the release of imprisoned militants in exchange for them. None of the 21 girls who were released in October have been able to move back home, and nearly seven months later they are still being held on a military re-integration programme. [22] Nurs messages likely included the motor park bombing in Kano (which was claimed by Muhammed Marwan) in March 2013 and likely also the two bombings in a motor park outside of Abuja in the month before Nigeria hosted the World Economic Forum on May 7, 2014. [9] Yusuf and other leaders, however, also dispatched members to the Sahel, Sudan, Pakistan and Afghanistan to receive funds to build madrasas and mosques and acquire militant training and advice from al-Qa`ida, especially after Bin Ladin declared Nigeria ready for liberation in 2003. What did people ditch tweets for? One girl, Zara, who was kidnapped by Boko Haram, though not from Chibok, told the BBC how she was stigmatised on her return because she was pregnant. Finally, the article suggests that Shekau may have become a nom de guerre representing all Boko Haram leaders, including the real Shekau, in a confederation. See French Foreign Minister Says Documents Show Nigerias Boko Haram Trained in North Mali, Fox News, November 14, 2013; BHarams Anti-Aircraft Training Camp Uncovered in Niger, Punch, February 19, 2014; Over 200 Nigerians Train as Terrorists in Mali, Says Report, Nigeria Political Economist, May 9, 2014. See Nigerian Christians Brace for More Taleban Attack, Nigeria/Africa Masterweb News Report, March 1, 2005; Army Corners Boko Haram Leader, Shekau, in Borno Hills Punch Newspaper, Sahara Reporters, July 26, 2013. The hashtag #BringBackOurGirls, launched on the back of growing public outrage in Nigeria, found supporters across the world. [4] Omonobi, #BringBackOurGirls: Well Sell Chibok Girls into Slavery Boko Haram.. Dormitory bedframes gather dust in the long grass. Nigerian troops have found two former schoolgirls who were abducted by Boko Haram jihadists eight years ago, the military said Tuesday, freeing some of the last victims of the 2014 Chibok abduction. More than 270 girls were abducted in Chibok, north-eastern Borno state. See Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency, International Crisis Group, April 2014; How Nur, Shekau Run Boko Haram, Vanguard, September 3, 2011; personal interview, Idayat Hassan, Centre for Democracy and Development West Africa (CDD), May 2014; Nigerian Taliban Reportedly Reforming to Strike Again a Year After Uprising, Agence France-Presse, July 16, 2010. Some managed to escape within hours of their kidnapping, mostly by jumping off the lorries and running off into the bushes. VideoIn the name of atheism: The case of Mubarak Bala, The Indian-American 'helping' Elon Musk run Twitter, Why an old train could point to a clean energy future. Supermodel Cara Delevingne and Michelle Obama added their weight to the campaign, with the former First Lady delivering an impassioned address. Ngalyikes unit hid in the mountains outside of Gwoza, and also received guests from Maiduguri, which may have helped Boko Haram plan its sporadic, but large-scale attacks in Maiduguri, such as on Maiduguri Air Base in December 2013 and Giwa Barracks in March 2014. [36] Evidence of Ansarus operations in Niger include the statement of an Ansaru member, Abu Ali al-Nigeria, in the video that Mokhtar Belmokhtars faction and the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) released after they jointly carried out suicide attacks on a French uranium mine in Arlit, Niger, and on the military barracks in Agadez, Niger, in retaliation for Abu Zeids death and Nigers support of Frances war on Shari`a in Mali in 2013. In 2013 and early 2014, Boko Harams newly formed special kidnapping squad, which may be part of al-Barnawis faction, kidnapped several foreigners in northern Cameroon and brought them to Borno, while Nurs faction utilized Nurs guerrilla expertise in the border region and contacts with Kanuri tribal elders in Cameroon to facilitate hostage negotiations. Each is asked to identify herself and explain that they were taken from the school in Chibok. [48] Slka is a predominantly Muslim rebel coalition in Central African Republic, which includes Sudanese and Chadian fighters. They attacked a military barracks in Monguno, a prison in Bama and destroyed three towns: Baga, Marte, and Maiha. Moreover, Nur, al-Barnawi, Abu Zamira and Tashen-Ilmias well as all former Ansaru shura memberscover their faces with veils or do not appear publicly or in videos, which would make them more likely to allow faux Shekaus and the real Shekau to remain the official face of Boko Haram while they operate behind-the-scenes. See Barnawi, Kambar: Qaeda-linked Militants with Boko Haram Ties, Agence France-Presse, June 21, 2012; Yusuf Alli, Kabiru Sokoto Names Boko Harams Leaders, The Nation, February 14, 2012; Jide Ajani, Horror in Sokoto Al-Qaeda-Funded Group Killed Hostages, Vanguard, March 11, 2012. They did go back to Chibok at Christmas time last year, but they were held in the house of a local politician and the families had to go there to see them. Vigilantes are in the fight against Boko Haram, Boko Haram using young girls as suicide bombers in Nigeria attacks, CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices. But Buhari, who last week emerged victorious in the presidential election . It is a priority for CBC to create a website that is accessible to all Canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. Since it is now clear that multiple leaders command Boko Haram fighters, it is likely that Boko Haram could evolve in several new ways. More than two years ago, the world looked on in horror as details emerged of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped in Nigeria. This author, however, believes that Marwan is likely a pseudonym for Mamman Nur for the following reasons: the name Muhammed Marwan may be in reference to Mamman (another spelling for Muhammed) and Marwa, Nurs hometown in Cameroon; Marwans claim to have released the seven-member French family kidnapped in northern Cameroon in April 2013, which is in Nurs current area of operations and an operation Nurs faction likely carried out in coordination with al-Barnawis faction; Marwans claim to have carried out a motor park bombing in Kano, which resembles the motor park bombings in Abuja in April and May 2014, whose connection to al-Shabab and Sudanese Boko Haram networks suggest Nur may have been involved since Nur was trained by al-Shabab and Nur masterminded the two other major bombings in Abuja of the UN Headquarters and Federal Police Headquarters in 2011; Marwans claim to be second-in-command to Shekau, which is consistent with Nurs natural rank in Boko Haram after Yusufs death. But the soldiers were overpowered and at least 300 girls were snatched.
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