. It monitored libraries and cultural centers maintained by foreign embassies and in some instances questioned employees and users. Eritrea gained de jure independence in 1993 after an independence referendum. On 28 May 2019, the United States removed Eritrea from the "Counterterror Non-Cooperation List" which also includes Iran, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela. Eritrea's coastal location has long been important in its history and culturea fact reflected in its name, which is an Italianized version of Mare Erythraeum, Latin for "Red Sea." The Red Sea was the route by which Christianity and Islam reached the area, and it was an important trade route that such powers as Turkey . Decisions rendered by any regional court may be appealed to the next appellate court. )132.8% of GDP (2016 est. Nearly half the year is devoted to mandatory military training. The government did not effectively enforce the law, and penalties were not commensurate with those for similar crimes. UNESCO is celebrating World Press Freedom Day on 2nd and 3rd May 2019 -celebrations to be held at the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa. Durable Solutions: Although the government did not grant persons of Ethiopian and Sudanese origin asylum or refugee status, authorities permitted them to remain in the country and to live among the local population instead of in a refugee camp. Eritrea is part of a 14-nation constituency within the Global Environment Facility, which partners with international institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector to address global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development initiatives. [29], The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for the Red Sea ( Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective erythros "red"). Independent Monitoring: The government did not permit monitoring of prisoner conditions by independent government or nongovernmental observers or by international bodies, including the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). [189] Immunisation and child nutrition have been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the prevalence of underweight children decreased by 12% from 1995 to 2002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%). ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 726,957 tons (2011 est. In September 2001, the privately owned press that had begun to emerge after independence was crushed. Eritrea maintains diplomatic ties with a number of other countries: it has more than 31 embassies and consulates abroad, and more than 22 consulates and embassies represented in the country,[118] including China, Denmark, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Israel, the United States, and Yemen. The law provides for freedom of assembly, but the government restricted this right. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government. All Eritreans are required to perform a combined military and community service which can be extended for several years. See the Department of States International Religious Freedom Report at https://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/. )15.375 (2013 est. The report also claimed that an unspecified number of technology experts and cyber cafe owners arrested in 2019 on accusations of disseminating material from the diaspora and supporting an opposition group in exile remained in detention. - Source: CIA World Fact Book. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. Independent media do not exist in Eritrea and the number of jailed journalists is believed to be among the highest in the world, despite the countrys small size. Libel/Slander Laws: The law criminalizes libel as a misdemeanor and prescribes a punishment of between one and six months imprisonment and a fine. The distribution of rainfall and vegetation types varies markedly throughout the country. Security force personnel detained individuals for reasons that included suspicion of intent to evade national and militia service, criticizing the government, attempting to leave the country, and for unspecified national security threats. Significant human rights issues included: unlawful and arbitrary killings, forced disappearance; torture; and arbitrary detention, all committed by the government; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; political prisoners; serious problems with judicial independence; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; the worst forms of restrictions on free expression and the press, including censorship and the existence of criminal libel laws; substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association; severe restrictions on religious freedom; widespread restrictions on freedom of movement; inability of citizens to change their government peacefully through free and fair elections; restrictions on political participation; trafficking in persons; criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual conduct; and the worst forms of child labor. Nine different languages are spoken by the nine recognised ethnic groups, the most widely spoken language being Tigrinya, the others being Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen and Arabic. [212] Even though city planners, architects, and engineers were largely European, members of the indigenous population were largely used as construction workers, Asmarinos still identify with their city's legacy.[213]. Democratic Republic of Congo: 47.6-1.4: 41 . The law also criminalizes malicious injury to honor or reputation, which covers true statements communicated solely to damage a persons reputation, and prescribes a punishment of less than one month in prison and a fine. Eritrea is a highly centralized, authoritarian regime under the control of President Isaias Afwerki. [201] Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles that of neighboring Ethiopia,[201][202] though Eritrean cooking tends to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. The government required all diplomats, international humanitarian workers, UN staff, and foreigners to request permission from the government at least 10 days in advance to travel more than 15 miles (25 kilometers) outside of Asmara. Some Eritrean trafficking victims are kidnapped after being smuggled to Sudan or Ethiopia, while others are kidnapped from within or around refugee camps or crossing Eritreas borders. Find the latest trade data and tariffs between Eritrea and Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1939, there were approximately 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The Community Court's standing on women in the legal profession is unclear, but elected women judges have reserved seat. For youth 1524, the overall literacy rate is 93.3% (93.8% for men and 92.7% for women).[198]. Following the UN General Assembly decision in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign affairs and defense, it would enter into a federal status with Ethiopia for ten years. The nationalist movement of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (FPLE) was a Maoist guerilla party that led Eritrea to independence in 1993 under secretary general Isaias Afwerki. [171], In addition, there exist Italian Eritrean (concentrated in Asmara) and Ethiopian Tigrayan communities. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Militia duties mostly involved security-related activities, such as airport or neighborhood patrolling. There is no right to a fair, timely, and public trial. In 1869 or 1870,[79] the ruling local chief sold lands surrounding the Bay of Assab to the Rubattino Shipping Company. [185] Jehovah's Witnesses were stripped of their citizenship and basic civil rights by presidential decree in October 1994. Neighbouring countries of Eritrea. The ministry employed 28 inspectors, which was insufficient to the need. According to the Ministry of Education, the institution was established, as one of many efforts to achieve equal distribution of higher learning in areas outside the capital city, Asmara. Those who try to flee the country risk being killed or imprisoned. Most people in the country adhere to Christianity or Islam, with a small minority adhering to traditional faiths.[21]. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. [110] The climate of Eritrea is shaped by its diverse topographical features and its location within the tropics. Then all eight privately owned newspapers were forced to close, even those that were considered loyal to the government. Freedom of Press and Media, Including Online Media: The law bans private broadcast media and foreign ownership of media. Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), later (from 1994) People's Front for Democracy and Justice, secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an independent Eritrean nation out of the northernmost province of Ethiopia in 1993. ), sorghum, milk, vegetables, barley, cereals, pulses nes, roots/tubers nes, wheat, millet, beef, food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement, agriculture: 80%industry: 20% (2004 est. And where are they now? [67] With its capital at Debarwa,[68] the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae, and Akele Guzai. According to the 1957 Ethiopian penal code adopted by Eritrea during independence, failure to enlist in the military or refusal to perform military service are punishable with imprisonment terms of six months to five years and up to ten years, respectively. ), nakfa (ERN) per US dollar -15.38 (2017 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est. ", "UN Report on Eritrea's Human Rights Violations", "Eritrea: Diplomacy Changes, but Political Prisoners Remain", "Eritrea: 20 Years and Counting The Exceptional Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses", "International Religious Freedom Report, 2017", "Progress in health in Eritrea: Cost-effective inter-sectoral interventions and a long-term perspective", "IRIN Africa | ERITREA: Government outlaws female genital mutilation | Human Rights", "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) and youth total (% of people ages 15-24)", "World Development Indicators | DataBank", "Mild Frontier: the differences between Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisines come down to more than spice", "Eritrea's picturesque capital is now a World Heritage site and could help bring it in from the cold", "Eritrea capital, Asmara, makes UNESCO World Heritage list | Africanews", "Eritrea's capital added to UNESCO World Heritage site list | DW | 08.07.2017", "Exploring Eritrea's UNESCO certified Art-Deco wonderland", "Asmara useful for experimenting with radical designs for Europeans", "Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world", "Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship", Eritrean Cycling Team Wins the 2015 African Continental Cycling Championships TTT , 'Next wave of riders is even better' Eritrean cycling preparing to peak, Eritrean national teams rank first at the African Cycling Championship time race , "African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 | Results", "Berhane could become the first Eritrean to ride the Tour de France", "Heroes welcome for Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus in Eritrea", "Eritrea's Daniel Teklehaimanot 1st African to wear the King of the Mountains jersey at the Tour de France", "World Athletics Championships 2015: Eritrean teen Ghirmay Ghebreslassie wins men's marathon title", "Calgary skier headed to Winter Olympics but not with Team Canada", "Watch: History-making cyclist out of Giro d'Italia after firing Prosecco cork into his own eye", "Biniam Girmay becomes first black African to win grand tour stage with historic Giro d'Italia victory", Navigating Differences: Tigrigna vs Tigrinya, "The First Monetary and Banking Experiences in Eritrea", "Response to remarks by Mr. David Triesman, Britain's parliamentary under-secretary of state with responsibility for Africa", EriTV News, Music, Movie and Comedy from Eritrea Television, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, Documentary on Women's liberation in Eritrea, Tigrinya online learning with numbers, alphabet and history, History of Eritrea: First recordings Munzinger exploitation by colonialism and fight against colonialism (Italy, England, Ethiopia, Soviet Union, USA, Israel) independence, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Community of SahelSaharan States (CEN-SAD), Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&oldid=1120592159, States and territories established in 1993, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Middle - Junior High School (Years included in basic), Post- secondary - Advanced Diploma - 3 years, Christine, Owen. [155] The Eritrean authorities had reportedly imprisoned the fourth highest number of journalists after Turkey, China, and Egypt.[156]. According to international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the government released persons imprisoned for their religious beliefs. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association are limited. [133], A prominent group of fifteen Eritreans, called the G-15, including three cabinet members, were arrested in September 2001 after publishing an open letter to the government and President Isaias Afewerki calling for democratic dialogue. ), density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this population distribution map, frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms, volcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011, strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993, Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Afar 4%, Kunama 4%, Bilen 3%, Hedareb/Beja 2%, Nara 2%, Rashaida 1% (2021 est. Discrimination: Family, labor, property, nationality, and inheritance laws provide men and women the same status and rights. Accordingly, several similar colleges are also established in different other parts of the country. The confederation reported that labor boards, made up of representatives from the union, the workers, and the Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare address grievances before the likelihood of strikes emerges. An unknown number of persons disappeared during the year and were believed to be in government detention or to have died while in detention. In 2019 and 2020, the country came third from the end, with Turkmenistan and North Korea behind, but in 2021 Eritrea regained the jumbo spot (see the full list here ). Detainees did not have routine access to visitors. )$8.953 billion (2016 est. Its relations with Djibouti and Yemen are tense due to territorial disputes over the Doumeira Islands and Hanish Islands, respectively. They are kept in a secret location, completely cut off from the outside world. Eritrea, country of the Horn of Africa, located on the Red Sea. President Of Eritrea . [58], Christianity was the first world religion to be adopted in modern Eritrea and the oldest monastery in the country Debre Sina was built during the fourth century. The law does not specifically address the provision of adequate time or facilities to prepare a defense, the right of defendants to confront witnesses, or the provision of free interpretation from the moment charged through all appeals, although courts generally accorded these rights to defendants in cases courts did not deem related to national security. [28], Eritrea is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and is an observer state in the Arab League alongside Brazil and Venezuela. Authorities denied benefits such as ration coupons to those who did not attend. Decolonizing the Commentariat Contact List UPDATED, NEW FOR 2020: The Decolonizing the Academy Reading List. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 51 (2020 est. The poverty of the people of this country has been attributed to this governance system. Sexual Harassment: The law does not specifically criminalize sexual harassment. Impunity for such abuses was the norm. Eritrea Focus Conference - Building Democracy in Eritrea. Freedom House 2018: Score: 7 out of 7 (where lower scores are more democratic) Freedom Status: Not Free. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process, Section 4. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression and conscription and militarization continue. Children also worked in small-scale garages, bicycle repair shops, metal workshops, and tea and coffee shops. Barriers included education and transportation. Nevertheless, women, particularly in rural areas, continued to face economic and social discrimination. [191] Per-capita expenditure on health is low.[191]. The diversity in landscape and topography in the highlands and lowlands of Eritrea result in the diversity of climate across the country. Members of the security forces committed numerous abuses. Former detainees and other sources reported harsh detention conditions in police stations and in prisons for persons held for evading national service and militia duties. Eritrea's military is one of the largest in Africa. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black cyclists from Africa to compete in the Tour de France, when they were selected by the MTNQhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race. . The government generally did not cooperate with such groups or with investigations into human rights abuses. Requirements for obtaining passports and exit visas were inconsistent and nontransparent. Officially, conscripts, male and female, must serve for 18 months minimum, which includes six months of military training and 12 months during the regular school year to complete their last year of high school. While appearing to make some promising steps towards democracy and decentralization, Eritrea remains highly centralized with the long-standing President Isaias Afwerki retaining an authoritarian grip on power. Anyone who does not pick up their weapon will be denied food stamps. Three named Jehovah's Witnesses are known to have been imprisoned since 1994 along with 51 others. The government continued downsizing the Umkulu Refugee Camp. In addition to these individuals being arrested, their charges in court have been done away with. [188] Similarly, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel doubled from 1995 to 2002, but still is only 28.3%. The government restricted academic freedom and cultural events. 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