In Africa and parts of South America, these diseases have devastated cassava food crops. TABLE 1. All viscosity met the requirement stipulated in the ASTM D445 method. Singh et al. FIGURE 3. Energies 12 , 111. Suganya et al. It requires energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops; plus there is the energy of sowing, fertilizing and harvesting. Process Intensification of Biodiesel Synthesis via Ultrasoundassistedin Situesterification ofJatrophaoil Seeds. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.049, Tan, S. X., Ong, H. C., Lim, S., Pang, Y. L., and Milano, J. At present, pure plant oil and biodiesel fuels mainly originate from rapeseed (i.e. Full-Press Oil Extraction of Cuphea (PSR23) Seeds. 25, 100876. doi:10.1016/j.csite.2021.100876, Singh, D., Sharma, D., Soni, S. L., Inda, C. S., Sharma, S., Sharma, P. K., et al. Comparative Exergy Analyses of Jatropha Curcas Oil Extraction Methods: Solvent and Mechanical Extraction Processes. In some areas, more than half of the cassava crop has been lost due to the African cassava mosaic virus. Soc. Water Reclamation - Algae Production - 1972 Patent. It is suggested for edible applications in the food industry (Xiong and Chen, 2020). (1997). Naziri, E., Glisic, S. B., Mantzouridou, F. T., Tsimidou, M. Z., Nedovic, V., and Bugarski, B. Properties Investigation and Performance Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Jatropha, Soybean, Palm and Cottonseed Biodiesel Using Ethanol as an Additive. Energ. Ecosyst. When mature, Jatropha trees produce large quantities of seeds, which can be crushed to produce oil. When n-propane was used instead of CO2 as a co-solvent, greater oil yields were obtained. As a result, the development of new Jatropha projects has been slowed, and numerous current initiative projects have been cancelled (Ewunie et al., 2021). (2016). Lipid recovery from various organic sources may be accomplished using a variety of lipid extraction techniques. The Ideal Vegetable Oil-Based Biodiesel Composition: A Review of Social, Economical and Technical Implications. Rasul, M. G. (2018). It can be produced through transesterification reaction. It is a good alternative fuel because it is carbon . One disadvantage is that jatropha is toxic to livestock, which the multitudes of tenant farmers raise for their often meager sustenance. doi:10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00018-7, Senthilkumar, P., and Sankaranarayanan, G. (2016). Trac Trends Anal. Because non-edible oil has a high percentage of free fatty acids, the biodiesel produced is viscous. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00069-3, Gui, M. M., Lee, K. T., and Bhatia, S. (2008). (Ssrg-ijmse) 1 , 58. Energ. But while oil palm trees score high in terms of oil yield per hectare, the cultivation methods are criticized with claims being made of massive destruction of tropical rainforests to make room for plantations. 31, 566568. 105, 225239. Biomass and Bioenergy 130, 105360. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105360. ASTM D 664 is the standard reference method for measuring the acid number of both ASTM biodiesel and petroleum-derived diesel. According to Pinzi et al. Jatropha is not hardy, but grows large. In an optimisation study using a central composite design, the microwave irradiation power (W/g), extraction time (minutes), and water delivered to the plant matrix after moistening (%) were investigated (CCD) (Fiorini et al., 2020). doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.007, Evangelista, R. L., and Cermak, S. C. (2007). doi:10.1007/s12206-017-0753-5, Yate, A. V., Narvez, P. C., Orjuela, A., Hernndez, A., and Acevedo, H. (2020). 9:815416. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.815416. If this fertilizer is ploughed back into the soil, fertility is maintained. Calorific value is defined as the amount of heat emitted by a fuel when it is entirely burned and measured at a constant volume or constant pressure, with the hot gas cooled to its original temperature (Sharudina et al., 2018). Bot. This damage accelerates the mass transfer of the solvent to the matrixs internal area and the soluble components to the solvent, creating turbulence and solvent penetration into the plant matrix, as well as the release of intracellular material. Small development period. Biofuels are more environmentally friendly. 1. Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Methyl Ester-Diesel Fuel Blends. Indonesia's B30 Program to Drive Global Biodiesel Production in 2021-2030: Report, in S&P Gobal. Replacing petroleum, biodiesel has many advantages and limitations. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Based on EN 14213, the calorific value should be higher than 35MJ/kg. Renew. Res. 141, 349358. Convers. In most cases, the NOx emissions from Jatropha biodiesel are greater than those from diesel fuel (Abed et al., 2019). Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CI Engine Fueled with Cocos Nucifera and Jatropha Curcas B20 Blends Accompanying Antioxidants. Biochem. The Jatropha cultivation yields around Two Tons of Nuts from a Hectare land in a dry area. Finally economic viability studies along with future research directions are also discussed. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.066, Wang, X.-R., and Ding, G.-J. Energy 37, 616622. Mater. Growing jatropha indoors can be problematic due to the immense size of adult jatropha, especially because it keeps getting larger as it ages. 146, 21582169. List of Patents. It also adds to the cost-per-gallon of what we can produce, reducing the market viability of the eventual product. Suganya et al. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. (Bhuiya et al., 2020), who conducted their research to see how processing parameters affect extraction output. Its overhead cost is high. Sairam, P., Ghosh, S., Jena, S., Rao, K., and Banji, D. (2012). 316, 128090. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128090, Reksowardojo, I. K., Lubis, I. H., Manggala, W., Brodjonegoro, T. P., Soerawidjaja, T. H., Arismunandar, W., et al. For decades, scientists have been working throughout the world to discover new alternative fuels that are widely available, technically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally beneficial (Valipour, 2014). reduces the greenhouse effect). doi:10.3390/su11184914, Ofori-Boateng, C., Keat Teong, L., and Jitkang, L. (2012). Fluids 161, 104823. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104823. doi:10.1016/s0961-9534(99)00056-2, Manik, N., and Prabu, D. S. N. (2013). 144, 112024. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.112024, Bilal, S., Mohammed-Dabo, I. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioethanol. Sustainability 13, 788. doi:10.3390/su13020788, Azad, A. K., Rasul, M. G., Khan, M. M. K., Sharma, S. C., Mofijur, M., and Bhuiya, M. M. K. (2016). Ibrahim et al. As has already been mentioned, one of the key perceived benefits of growing Jatropha as an energy crop is its ability to revitalize degraded farmland. (2010). Food Chem. In many developing countries small farmers use a technique called intercropping, whereby two or more different crops are cultivated together in the same field. 154, 112688. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112688, Foidl, N., Foidl, G., Sanchez, M., Mittelbach, M., and Hackel, S. (1996). The worlds two largest palm oil producers are Malaysia and Indonesia. The type of feedstock extracted, the cost and the environmental impact of the material used for extractions are frequently taken into account when choosing an extraction process. Aside from solitary trees, Jatropha are often found in rural villages in the form of hedges around buildings or being used for other natural boundary protection purposes. All cause plant damage, and root rot can be fatal to the plant. Convers. Following are the advantages of the Jatropha plant: Low cost seeds. doi:10.1016/j.serj.2017.06.004. 13, 20. doi:10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x, Zhang, Y., Chang, C., Tan, B., Xu, D., Wang, Y., and Qi, T. (2019). Kant Bhatia, S., Kant Bhatia, R., Jeon, J.-M., Pugazhendhi, A., Kumar Awasthi, M., Kumar, D., et al. doi:10.1007/bf02920446, Stevanato, N., and Da Silva, C. (2019). In this study, Advanced Technology for the Conversion of Waste into Fuels and Chemicals, The need to arrest the continued environmental contamination and degradation associated with the consumption of fossil-based fuels has continued to serve as an impetus for the increased utilization, The using of microwave oven technology with a multiple power source range in the process of producing biodiesel from waste cooking vegetable oil. Greenhouse gases and other forms of air pollutants are emitted by fossil fuels, which negatively influence the environment. Avicenna J. Phytomed. The end result of this could be more hunger in the world. Ind. Thanks to new laws, biodiesel has grown its acceptance and market share in Europe (Lieberz, 2021). Biodiesel is immiscible with water, has low vapor pressure and high boiling point. For CI engine fuel, a higher CN is desired (Razak et al., 2021). Furthermore, biodiesels flash point criteria is greater than that of diesel requirements. However, the large-scale conversion of maize and wheat into ethanol has already begun to drive up food prices. Fluids 169, 105123. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105123, Fetzer, D. L., Hamerski, F., Errico, M., and Corazza, M. L. (2021). Biodiesel: Biodiesel is derived mainly from animal and vegetable oils. 76, 15111513. (GAIN). Characterization of spray and Combustion Processes of Biodiesel Fuel Injected by Diesel Engine Common Rail System. Appl. (Singh D. et al., 2021) reviewed the physicochemical properties, techniques of extracting oil, production of biodiesel, as well as diesel performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas. Lower HC emissions are usually observed at full load conditions than other load conditions (Senthilkumar and Sankaranarayanan, 2016). Hazard. Characterisation of Engine-Out Responses from a Light-Duty Diesel Engine Fuelled with palm Methyl Ester (PME). Biotechnol. Jurnal Kejuruteraan SI 1, 3747. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.043, Che Hamzah, N. H., Khairuddin, N., Siddique, B. M., and Hassan, M. A. Energy 33, 16461653. Mater. Ionescu, M., Voicu, G., Biri, S.-., Covaliu, C., Dinc, M., and Ungureanu, N. (2014). State of the Art of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Environ. She began as a writer and publisher for the Natural Toxins Research Center and has spent her time since as a landscape designer and part-time writer. (2020). J. Amer Oil Chem. FACT has recently had regular requests from many countries for Jatropha cultivation projects covering 100,000 hectares to over one million hectares. Solvents employed include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, iso-hexane, n-hexane, propane, and other supercritical fluids, comparable to those used in the Soxhlet extraction procedure. Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Obtained from Jatropha Seeds and Fish Wastes in a Diesel Engine. A vertical feeder and a horizontal screw with increasing body diameter progress along the length of the press to put pressure on the oilseeds. FIGURE 11. The results show that petroleum ether is much more suitable for extracting these oils, producing 35.344.3% oil yield, whereas hexane produced 34.842.3% oil yield. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Its possible that the plant will survive for up to 50years (Achten et al., 2010). A Review on Chemical and Medicobiological Applications of Jatropha Curcas. The viscosity of biodiesel must be below 5mm2/s and 6mm2/s as required by EN ISO 3104 and D445, respectively, to achieve complete combustion with minimum coke deposit in the engine. Moreover, biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biomass renewable diesel fuel and its combustion produces low amount of CO, CO2, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter. 5, 29602964. (2013). The genus Jatropha Curcas belongs to the Euphorbiaceae familys Jatropheae tribe, and there are roughly 170 species recognised currently (Carels, 2009). (2010). One disadvantage is that jatropha is toxic to livestock, which the multitudes of tenant farmers raise for their often meager sustenance. The existing literature revealed Jatropha Curcas has a near the borderline of 0.24mg KOH/g (Foidl et al., 1996), 0.48mg KOH/g (Sarin et al., 2007) and 0.38mg KOH/g (Dharma et al., 2017), respectively. The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and their negative impact on global warming and crude oil prices have increased the need for new and renewable fuels. Energy 48, 500509. Advantages of using pyrolysis technology to convert plastic to oil: 1. In the third and final picture again the same plant was fed with both sufficient water and nutrients and grew over twice in height. Katwal, R., and Soni, P. (2003). doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.061, Arbab, M. I., Masjuki, H. H., Varman, M., Kalam, M. A., Imtenan, S., and Sajjad, H. (2013). Renew. A number of technical advantages of biodiesel fuel: (1) It prolongs engine life and reduces the need for maintenance (biodiesel has better lubricating qualities than fossil diesel); (2) it is safer to handle, being less toxic, more biodegradable; and (3) It reduces some exhaust emissions (although it may, in some circumstances, raise others). Microwave Assisted Extraction for PhytoconstituentsAn Overview. Jatropha Curcas is a low-cost biodiesel feedstock with good fuel properties and more oil than other species. doi:10.1021/ef801098a, Primandari, S. R. P., Islam, A. Res. 12. Confusion and Negative Sentiment The most seriously considered disadvantage linked to biodiesel is the fear, confusion and negative statement that mainly surround it. (Yate et al., 2020) performed research on the mechanical extraction of Jatropha Curcas using a screw press type expeller. Renew. J. The authors would like to thank the Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), and Politeknik Negeri Medan, Indonesia. Today Proc. Therm. Eng. Fuel 255, 115791. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115791, Emil, A., Yaakob, Z., Satheesh Kumar, M. N., Jahim, J. M., and Salimon, J. The availability of cost-free local plant oil in this respect also serves as an effective rural development tool that encourages electrification at rural village level. ; Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils via Transesterification in Supercritical Methanol. Today Proc. Biotechnol. Technol. Ultrasound-enhanced Rapid In Situ Transesterification of marine Macroalgae Enteromorpha Compressa for Biodiesel Production. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2015.07.014, Ng, J.-H., Ng, H. K., and Gan, S. (2012). Biotechnol. This should be the first (and probably the last) page you will need to get information . Jatropha curcas has poisonous fruit and seeds. 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